I am not an alcoholic but I am practicing? LOL
This topic contains 16,527 replies, has 252 voices, and was last updated by Bob23 1 year, 5 months ago.
For me if I had to choose between losing visceral fat and belly fat. I would target visceral fat.
My understanding is belly fat can be healthy in a protective way. To over simplify without visceral fat , and if exercising regularly in the very active range. The belly fat has no effect on longevity.
I could be completely wrong, but that’s my understanding .
So I was trying to make sure I used H.I.I.T and neat to target visceral fat after meals. I mean to target fat in my blood that natually occurs After eating. And to fast regularly as possible. Basically it’s two sided benefit , target visceral fat and belly fat will come off too., but target belly fat and the visceral may still remain.
I’ll get a trampoline too , but will continue to invite others to jumprope with me after dinners out In the parking lots. My goal is a 1 year goal to improve skipping skills. Remember it’s less impact on knees than walking. But if we can’t. We can’t, and thankfully we can use trampoline to help circulate the lymphatic system. However remember to include lymphatic pro health foods.
http://m.wikihow.com/Cleanse-the-Lymph-System
This is a quick read with pictures.
DO NOT WEAR TIGHT RESTRICTIVE CLOTHES unless you want to slow your lymphatic flow.
I’m mean if your dressing to break hearts then by all means ladies. But especially when exercising dont restrict the lymphatic flow with tight clothes please.
I’m being embraced by the diabetic community. They understand my goals , yet almost all of them so far disagree with my approach. I need to humble myself and listen to them. However. A bacon and egg breakfast everyday seems counter productive.
If still Intrested in reading about fat cell processes ?
This is a quick read too!
http://thefastdiet.co.uk/forums/topic/what-happens-when-fat-is-burned/
jojo, congratulations on subQ rather than visceral fat, and on another successful fasting day π
JIP, I’ve got all my fingers and toes crossed for you.
SAMM, so happy you are being embraced, mutual understanding will come in time, I am sure.
gorgeous, gorgeous weather here, I hiked back from work but am going out for another walk now (my fourth today — a fasting day — oh, I could not have done this a few months ago!), but with my Kindle to stop and read more about visceral fat in the beautiful outdoors.
Then home to make eggplant and mushroom curry for dinner, with some dahl, cucumber raita, and a bit of bulgur.
@franfit…1.8 pounds, good for you! I managed to miss that post the other day, but it certainly deserves notice! I seem to be following the same pattern as you, with a plateau about every 10 pounds. Hoping for a good loss next week so I can keep my 2 pound per week average!
I am still waiting for the Beach Diet to be available for iPad. Wish I had just ordered it in print, but I am ready to start the souled-up version. I think most of us on this thread are already doing a lot of the suggestions in the new book, but I would like to have all the details at my fingertips.
At a coffee shop right now, waiting for the scones to come out of the oven…not a fast day today! I am technically on vacation, albeit a brief one, and I am not thinking about food restrictions for the next 8 hours. I walked down to the coffee shop, at least!
Have a great day, everyone!
Happy birthday to the thread, and thank you Jojo for starting it! It has been tremendously helpful to me!
I think your estimate for 90 minutes to make 10,000 steps is about right. Many days I get my steps in just by doing my work for the day, especially when I am giving presentations, but sometimes I need to get at least half on the treadmill or with a dedicated outside walk. 90 minutes would often feel impossible to me to fit into an already busy day, so I find it helpful to do at least 30 minutes first thing in the morning, and to be really conscious through the day about getting as many steps as possible. I use the bathroom 2 floors down, take the “long way” when I have to go to another classroom, etc. it works surprisingly well to get extra activity into the day. If SAMM and I have the same definition of NEAT (Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis), this king of activity is what it means, I.e., all the activity you do that is not dedicated exercise apart from the regular activity of your life.
@jip, good work, keep it up! Hoping to join the happy scales party soon!
@franfit, I think your idea about a goal range is a good one. As long as you are within that 3-5 pound range you are okay, and your clothes should still fit. If you hit the upper end, be more careful or add a fast day for that week, if you hit the lower end, add more healthy calories.
Your family time with your son sounds just lovely! My sons are grown and live away, and my husband works an opposite schedule from mine, so I am alone making dinner most nights. I am a non-expert knitter, but I dabble. Even though it does not burn calories, it keeps my mind and hands busy, and it is impossible to eat while knitting, so no nighttime snacking!
Good morning and happy birthday, fast trackers and happy fasting to all Monday fasters π Here in the States we have a holiday, Memorial Day, today, and I actually have the day off work π The weather is predicted to get very warm, I plan to walk a lot, read some more, and try to work out my visceral vs. subcutaneous fat question.
jojo, 10,000 steps is about 4 miles for me; it used to take me close to two hours, now I can do it in an hour and a quarter if there are no significant hills or uneven ground on my route. I kept myself walking through the awful, cold, snowy, icy winter we had here by walking for transportation, my car overheats if I drive it more than 2 miles at a time and is not worth fixing, so I’m waiting until goal weight to replace it. I’ll do things like walk two miles to the pet store and bring back 2-1/2 cubic feet of pet bedding on the bus. I keep bus tokens in my bag in case I get too tired too far from home. For some reason I find walking uphill daunting first thing in the morning, so I’ll take the bus uphill halfway to work, then walk the other half, most of which is downhill, then by the time I leave I’m good to walk the whole way home (and then I’m really ready for a nap!).
I’ve lost 3-1/2 pounds in the last 5 weeks, 5 pounds in the last 6; this works out to losing 0.7% of my body weight per week, which I am OK with at this point, in spite of my impatience. I think weight loss has a tendency to slow down in the lower end of the normal BMI range/at lower TDEEs and it’s better for me not to get too hyper about it. Last week’s 1.8 pound loss was 1.5% of my body weight in a week, I don’t really expect to maintain that, as I’m not able to do really vigorous physical activity. That said, I still want to reach my goal weight within about a year of starting (by sometime in August), so that I can shop for pre-season bargains in new winter outerwear in the right size to keep for years to come — that stuff is too expensive to buy new every size or two! That works out to 5-12 more pounds lost in the next 12 weeks, so I need to keep working hard. So even though I’m not actually trying to lose 2 pounds a week, I really appreciate the goal-focussed, find-a-way-to-do-it approach on this thread.
My eggplant and mushroom curry did turn out really well, my son also really liked it (and he’s both picky and honest), I’m quite pleased, as I made it up out of my own head because the eggplants at the co-op looked really good. I really like to be able to cook that way, by just seeing what looks good in the produce section and coming up with my own recipe, and it feels good to be able to do that successfully with a fasting-day dinner. I started by roasting the eggplant, mushrooms, and tomato in the oven; sauteed the onion, pepper, garlic, and spices in a bit of butter and oil; added the roasted veg, simmered a while to blend, added the low-fat yogurt. Roasting the veg first really brought out their flavors and gave them a good texture, it didn’t just seem like a mushy, boiled bunch of veg with some spices tossed in, but like a real menu item. I served the dahl thin, as a soup, it has black mustard seed, ground cumin, cayenne, and garlic sauteed in a little butter (didn’t have ghee), then I added boiling water and red lentils and simmered. Served with rice for my son, 30 g. bulgur for me, chopped cucumber and cilantro with low-fat yogurt on the side. I looked up calories for all ingredients, weighed and measured everything going in, weighed and measured the results to work out calories/gram and divided up my portions to leave enough room for 100 grams of fresh local strawberries for dessert. It was a bit of a project, so I’m glad I have enough left over for another fasting-day dinner, lol.
ply, thank you for the compliments π I feel for you, having to spend your evenings alone, I have a lot of difficulty getting motivated to cook for just myself, whereas it’s something I really enjoy if I have at least one other person to cook for. Trading off the cooking keeps both my son and myself motivated, neither has the drudgery of having to cook every night, and we’re just competitive enough that neither wants to present the other with a blah, so-so dinner when the other recently made something really good π Unfortunately he is technically grown up, but not yet a fully-functioning adult, which has its worries. But, he is a good person who tries to do the right thing, and is good to live with, and I appreciate him for that as well as for being my son. It is wonderful how you can’t knit and eat at the same time, isn’t it? And it’s wonderful to have something tangible to show for your time spent waiting (in doctor’s offices, riding the train, etc.) and relaxing in the evening. I’m glad I bought the FastBeach Diet book, even though, as you said, most of us on this thread are already doing a lot of the things suggested, except maybe HIT. It’s good to have all the suggestions laid out in one place.
JIP, you are happy with your 36″ trampoline, don’t feel like it’s too small or you might fall off or accidentally bounce too close to the edge? My son will not be happy about me bringing another item into our small space, but maybe I can persuade him that he will like using it, too, and not have to keep it in my room. Of course I can do as I like, as I pay the bills, but he actually has a point, it easily gets crowded in this one-bedroom apartment, and there are more things I would like to put in here. An 85-year-old friend would probably will me her beautiful floor weaving loom if I had the space to put it in. It would be cool to be able to weave as well as knit.
So, today I should get walking before it gets hot out there — going up to 83F (28C) today!
WHOOOEEEEE, gang, it’s going to be very warm here today, so I just put on a white skort (mini-skirt with shorts underneath), tucked in my top, added a belt and sandals, and it actually looks GOOD! π A year ago, I sure wouldn’t have thought that could happen!
Off to the food co-op; daily marketing is a wonderful way to avoid buying more food than we need while making sure I get out every day π
Hi ply and co, I think 10,000 steps is about 4 miles that is according to my pedometer, I did not play bowls as I intended today. I went walking instead I walked to the shopping centre, Tesco Curry etc., I had 3500 steps on the pedometer when I left home and it now reads 22,953 steps and reads 9.41 miles. It took me 1 hour and 5 mins to get there and an hour and 15 mins to get home. My feet know I have done this walk. I’ve got my feet up and I do not intend to do much but if I come back from the dead I will do 1000 on the trampoline. Fasting today and I have had 350 cals and it 6.40pm and I try not to eat after 7pm. WW’s tomorrow I hope those scales are going to be kind to me, if not I think I will have a good cry. JIP
jojo, thank you for the lovely compliment π I’m with you on getting a new pedometer, or at least replacing the battery.
For the challenge, I will take a baby step with HIT by finally learning how to do the plank, ask my son to check my form, if it doesn’t aggravate my shoulder or any other problems do it each Monday, Wednesday, Saturday, working my way up slowly. Will also dig out my free weights, find my old exercise/physical therapy books, and plan some strength training. Be careful with the stair-climbing, jojo, I tried it and it threatened me with relapses of CFS/ME and my knee problem. I’ll also commit to measuring my abdominal diameter standing and lying to check on visceral fat, and making my physical therapy appointment (for my knee) this week. I think I should re-read about supplements in FastBeach as well as reading about them in the Eades book.
JIP, if I walked that far I’d be in bed until tomorrow, at least! If those scales are not kind to you tomorrow, I’ll cry with you.
Back from the market, having lunch, getting ready to go for a long walk, bringing my Kindle so I can read in the beautiful outdoors π
jojo, thanks, I just have to start any exercise with baby steps. Glad the stairs weren’t too hard on you.
JIP, thank you for the compliment — I couldn’t stop looking at myself in store windows I passed, is that really my 57-year old self there??? π
I don’t know that much about IBS, but have the impression that at least some people with IBS have a problem with carbs and/or gluten sensitivity as well as difficulty handling fiber. Is she super lactose sensitive, or can she eat yogurt? Does she like eggs, eat fish? My main non-meat, no-fiber sources of protein are yogurt, cheese, eggs. I much prefer bean/grain combos, yogurt, cheese, and nuts to fish and eggs, really, but fish and eggs are a good way to stay away from fiber as well as carbs and still get your protein. Of course carbs can be hard to get off of if you have a problem with them, and it’s hard to eat the unrefined varieties of carbs if you can’t handle fiber. What are her favorite things to eat? What has she tried that didn’t work?
For some reason (maybe the sudden increase in ambient temperature) walking up hill was really tough today, so I meandered through the rose garden and every other garden I could find. I did finally make it all the way up to the water tower, just not briskly, and only 8,500 steps so far today. The peonies are almost all in bloom, as are several roses — the ‘Gertrude Jekyl’ was smelling divine — many clematis and spirea, some dianthus, a gorgeous dark purple salvia, and some interesting trees and shrubs. I discovered the Garden of Reproducible Results, which features several varieties of Japanese maples, the Pollinators Garden, and a tiny garden of cacti tucked in a corner. I also tested the suitability of several garden benches for reading in the shade π It’s nice living across the street from a college campus that’s also an arboretum π
My son is making pizza and ice cream for dinner again today. Although it is a holiday, I’m beginning to wonder if he’s trying to tell me that he thinks I’ve lost enough weight — he’s never seen me this thin before. I think I’m getting close to goal myself, my ribs are showing when I wear a low-cut top. Got to bite the bullet and do those visceral fat measurements.
Hi Jojo, so sorry for your friend’s struggles. You and I have spoken about the Plan before. Would she be willing to try an approach like that? One starts with a very limited set of foods, and gradually tests others to gauge reactions to try to figure out food sensitivities. I am a believer in food as medicine, and it seems that this is a somewhat scientific approach that one can do.
For ibs I would be guessing , but probiotics seem the way to go. If iron is a concern buy her an iron skillet to make eggs on. I making a wild assumption that the lack of red meat is indicates iron intolerance. This s normal think of iron intolerance as steps. If you need five units Start with 1 then increase slowly to five. Going to five straight off cause nausea followed by lumpy intestines.
The only other thing I might add that doctor would not.
Think of the intestine as long hose. If you eat in a way that it gets lumpy that can cause irritability. , twisting and kinking, well theoretically.
The best way to think of intestine health is to go down to the nutrient level. A hose completely full will have it’s contents rub along the inner walks tightly. Fiber. Without it then less opportunity to nutrients in a kinked , loosely packed hose.
Additionally. It is gobbledegook but worth a non med approach. Try understanding what PH score is.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_diet
This isn’t recomended by dietians. And fir good reason. Changing blood acidity is unpredictable. However. Understanding how it works. Understanding how to pair foods. So their combined acidic score is better tolerated. If that points in the direction.
Dried apricots help with improving the acidic score after it leaves the stomach.
Also. Would try from time to time the pineapple diet briefly. As its said to help with fat in the intestinal tract.
Would also look carefully at the spices , like cinnamon journal taking them out of the diet and log trends.
Perhaps also make homemade pasta? Instead of store bought , trying different flours. Perhaps quina flour. With an egg substitute.
Finally. This is way way way out there even for me.
There’s a way to figure out how much vitamin C. You can have before. Your body expels it. in high doses can be an intestinal issue. Perhaps a way to test. Is. Is get vitamin c from natural sources for three months. And journal for trends , perhaps on excel.
If has acne from time to time. Then perhaps gluten allergy. Buy whole foods
Sorry this want well written just a jotting of ideas as they came.
Use four fingers to press into the intestinal area. And rub large circles from right side of the body to the left. It cam help with regularity.
Learn shiatsu pressure points to help with stopping sudden issues. It’s good to know where pressure points are anyway. Easy to look up online you tube.
If I had that condition. Perfect hydration would be my cornerstone . And water melon would be in my diet.
In fact it is. Also raw pumpkin from can in oat meal.
I eat it that way for about two weeks , it’s very high calorie. However personally I don’t have ibs, My morpther does. I would say I have it very rarely. Like once every 4-5 years for a few months then mysteriously fades away. Talking with mom made look into it and ask her what she does. She use a soft fiber like green peas and oatmeal , instead of detox solutions.
Not sure why she take so much beano , But I think it has to do with gas and bloating , while eating foods that help if not for the gas
Friends!
If you’re going the walk route Im happy for you. I can’t wrap my head around it . But it’s the proven longevity exercise. No issues with it.
BUT
If you look up the reason people quit walking for health. It’s falling injury.
Minimize the risk of falling injury. Buy practicing two approaches.
Core strengnth for walkers. Is an exercise ball routine.
And this is difficult for me to explain. So I’ll just blurt it out.
Hmmm
Strengthen the muscles that you use to catch your balance !
This done buy standing on one foot and leaning over near to loosing balance, good to have a buddy .
Also use you arms like a tight rope walker with arms spread way out. Too sleepy to organize this into to better outine, Rough draft today ,
76,577 steps today. Exhausted!
Thanks for the offer to post the book Jojo! I thought the iPad version would be available much sooner. I went to Amazon to order it, and it said it would arrive in 24-28 days!! I think I can glean enough from forum posts and online sources to start with you this week. I started HIIT last week, and will continue. I will be tightening up my food intake all days, and will avoid alcohol for the next six weeks.
I remain committed to this lifestyle, even after some disappointing weeks.
I was inspired by Jojo, Franfit, and JIP to check out some new outfits in my own closet today. I tried on every pant, skirt, and dress and found that many that I have not worn in some time fit and looked great! I also got rid of four large bags of things that were too big. I am excited about the warmer weather and feeling good in my clothes!
Happy fasting, all!
Crossing fingers and toes for a big loss tomorrow, JIP!
Hi jojo and co,
De-caf coffee tastes fine to me and I like coffee to look like a coffee.
On the wieght side I am so disappointed I could cry I did not lose an oz, on Sunday after fast Fri and Sat and the scales showed a lose of 2 lb I felt sure I would get to go my goal wieght again today. After all those steps last week 83k in 6 days, over 22k yesterday and Sunday was the only day when I had a roast lunch with one potato and lost of veg but real home gravy,which should not have made that much of diff wince difference? Next week I am going to a B2B Sunday and Monday and see if that will do the trick, also going to cut my odd and I mean odd is unit to and no alcohol for the week,
I like what I see in the mirror but not on my WW card, my friends say I am too hard on myself and it’s not a magic figure but it seems to be for me. All my adult life I have always wanted to be 9 stone and later on 10 stone I do not want to look skinny just nice. Playing bowls this afternoon, I did 10 minutes on the trampoline before WW today and got off the bus 4 stops before my desertnation pedometer reads 9376 now and it’s no 1pm yet. I need a virtual paper hanky please. JIP ( feeling very sorry for myself.)
JIP, I’m so sorry I don’t even know what to say π jojo already had some great points. You work so, so, very hard! If it’s any consolation at all, after hitting my new low number on Saturday morning the scale immediately bounced up a pound, and has stayed there each morning since, even with a fasting day. Almost every time I see a new low number it doesn’t stick around, it takes a few days before I see it again. I am really learning from your experience how important it is to avoid re-gaining even a few pounds. I am so impressed with your determination to press onward, with the way you stick to your goal and don’t give up, but keep on problem-solving and making new plans!
Now that, JIP, is a gyp! Don’t mean to make light of your disappointment…I know well how it makes one feel when the scales do not reflect one’s commitment and effort, or they are so capricious from one day to the next.
Keep fighting the good fight, I find your determination admirable and inspirational!
@ Jojo regarding HIIT and “hitching up”: be sure to wear pants that have a drawstring to tighten the waist a little bit (not to the point of constriction, of course) since the intensity of the intervals can make them fall down! I wore the wrong ones to the gym the other day and had to hang on to them with one hand while I ran!
@jojo, for your friend, she might check out information from Dr. Mark Hyman, which would go along with the elimination diet.
Hi fast trackers π
jojo, I’m happy your friend has agreed to try limiting sugar and wheat and hope that something helps. Congratulations on ordering new trousers and on feeling slender and good π I at least know what you mean about being more slender than in a very long time, 25 years for me. Thanks for the link to the article, it was interesting. I don’t drink any alcohol, and I’m pretty sure that helped me lose the weight. I don’t find it necessary for socializing, either, no one ever comments on my ‘no, thank you’.
ply, you made me laugh π
SAMM, if only I could ever write ‘only’ 32,000 steps! Half that much wears me out!
Progress report:
Abdominal diameter front to back, standing: 9.25″
Abdominal diameter front to back, lying down: 7.25″
Not sure how to interpret this.
Did 2 sets of 2 LaPlace in Place x 10 seconds yesterday.
Did 1 set of 2 20-second planks with my son checking my form.
Then made a mistake. Felt OK, so went on to try modified push-ups. I could only lower myself a few inches, but my son saw me shaking on the third one and told me to stop. Within moments the myofascial trigger points in my right upper trapezius were in spasm and my left knee was hurting. Still some lingering trouble today. No more push-ups for me for a while. If recovered tomorrow, will resume plank and add bicep curls and triceps extension.
Trying to make physical therapy appointment, they don’t answer their phone.
I have been struggling with Zumba and not having so much fun any more because, in addition to doing everything at about half the speed and intensity as everyone else and not being able to really do the lunges, some of the squats and most of the kicks, it seems to be taking me forever to just catch on to the most basic steps. I’m so frustrated that I’ve even considered not signing up for the next session. So I approached the director of recreation at the senior high-rise where I volunteer and asked if I could join their Zumba for seniors class, and she said yes! Hopefully this will move at a much slower pace and I will be able to actually learn how to do the steps. It seems like exercise classes are designed for people who already know how to exercise and just want a little structure, not for the seriously unfit/klutzy who are completely clueless and actually need to learn what to do from the beginning and then learn it again, and again, and again, until we finally get it. I would totally slow down twelve other people if I was constantly asking how to do things, but it gets frustrating. Every exercise class I have ever tried has been like this. But I’m really hopeful that in a room full of people in their 70s and 80s who haven’t been doing Zumba for all that long I will finally catch on. And I don’t even have to pay for it!
One thing to note: helping with a client’s shower today, I’m the one able to lift the client to her feet and hold her up, even when she’s soaking wet, and the two twenty-somethings can’t π So maybe I’m not as weak as I feel. Or maybe I just know how to lift someone, lol, and they don’t.
10,000+ steps so far today and Zumba class scheduled for this evening. Usual non-fast-day eating for me, but I need to think up some new lunches. Glad summer is coming, will do more salads. Maybe more egg salad. I like lunch to be quick and easy or something I can make in large batches once or twice a week. Got some small whole wheat tortillas (110 calories), maybe some wraps. Like smoked salmon or hummus.
JIP, how are you?
Hi jojo, do you really think exercise can put on wieght?
Th ALS for all you comments, I have had an easy day today, eating wise but I have still 17857 steps today with no effort what so effort. Walking and bowling.
I am getting the beach diet from the library tomorrow I will let you know.
I would not like to ask my friends to give up WW I got to goal and they are doing well and I do not pay anything because I am within my 5 of goal.
I do have a sweet tooth so I will watch it, I also like a rum and diet coke but that is once or twice a week on a non fast day of course. So I am going to have 10 days with out it and cut sweet stuff to a limit. I am going to fast to tomorrow and again on Thursday if I am not bowling. Then again Sunday and Monday. With all all other bits I cannot see what else I can do. I have thought about decreasing my steroids by one gram per week but of course if I feel ill I will go back to my usual dose.
Thanks franfit, I will not give up.
Jojo, I will give fat and muscle some thought and look it up.
Thanks ply it’s nice to know I have understanding pals on these threads.
Thanks everyone, calling it a day without another calorie passing my lips.
Good night. JIP
16 hour day.
I think that’s 47 miles. It hurts when I stop si just keep going. It was holiday too.
Rolling back over. Started my week like that, makes home time bed time. Looking forward to my weigh in this month, not looking at the scales anymore a long a my clothes still fit. Wore 36 waist to dinner. I still have some fav jeans from 15 years ago. To save money, but I do but new belts. I was 30/30 when. Graduated high school. So I guess that my goal. I can feel the 6pack under there. Motivating me too!
Got a compliment on my belt! I guess I was getting checked out. BUT it was from a guy. Ackkkkk
Not the attention I was seeking. My wife cracked up!
Hello Jojo and co
Jojo you are not going to lose me I think I will be here for the duration, I have been a diet since I was 16 years old, when my idea of dieting was when Birds Eyes peas came out, I had three bus to get to work in the morning and again home at night and I was always in a hurry to go out dancing I would have a tea plate of peas and a slice of bread and welsh butter and a knob of butter on the peas and thought I was dieting. LOL
Thanks of thinking of me and my last few pounds, I am taking in everything from the threads and I am going to shake up the weeks food and exercise. The stop exercising is making me think I will go back and look at my food as well.
I am sitting in a lovely new hospital waiting for my husband to have an op on his hand, it’s going to be hours so I have brought I own lunch and I will walk because they have stairs here and I do not have stairs at home now that’s a different exercise! Fasting today and tomorrow. Happy fasting. JIP
Oh, Jojo, what a shame about you son’s car and trip! I hope there are good outcomes for both. Nothing like worry over our children to keep us up at night.
I am sure you are stronger than you think, Franfit. You and SAMM are outdoing all the youngsters at your respective jobs!
@jip, I have seen this quote a couple of times, and your peas & dancing post reminded me:
http://www.someecards.com/usercards/viewcard/MjAxMi1mOTZkNmEwZTRkZjQxMWQ2
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1:00 pm
25 May 14